As nanotechnology progresses in interdisciplinary fields, it has made breakthroughs in the field of pest control, which lays the foundation for reducing application and increasing efficiency of pesticides to achieve green pest control. This paper summarizes the application methods, modes of action, and advantages of nanopesticides, as well as the looks ahead the development trend of nanotechnology in pest control. The limitations of nanopesticide research are also presented. It provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for efficient and green pest control using the emerging nanotechnology.

Hygiene pests affect and threaten human health and life by means of harassing, biting, and spreading diseases. Chemical control is the main measure of hygiene pest control currently. However, with the growing problems of pesticide residue, pesticide resistance, and environmental pollution, and with the increasing awareness of environmental protection among people and the emergence of new and recurrent vector-borne diseases, the research and application of biological control have received much more attention. In recent years, some achievements have been made in the research and application of pathogenic microorganisms, plants, natural enemies, insect growth regulators, biotoxins, genetic engineering technology, and other aspects of hygiene pest control, and some safe, environmental-friendly, efficient, and economical biological products have been developed and produced. This article summarizes the previous research and application, which may provide a scientific basis and help for the further research and application of biological control technology in reducing the hygiene pest density and prevention and control of vector-borne diseases.

Phototaxis, chromatics tropism, and chemotaxis are the main behavioral characteristics of disease vectors and play important roles in the life activities of vectors. At present, induced killing and repelling techniques based on tropism have been widely used in vector monitoring and control. With in-depth studies on tropism in recent years, various technologies are gradually improved and optimized and are developing along the direction of high efficiency, strong specificity, and environmental protection. This article reviews the data on the research and application of vector tropism published in the recent 20 years, summarizes the research advances in common tropisms of vectors and their application in the control of vectors such as mosquitoes, flies, rodents, and cockroaches, and points out current problems and shortcomings and the future prospects and directions of tropism research, in order to provide a reference for better application of vector tropism in prevention and control.

Objective To analyze the weak links of vector prevention and control in the secret evaluation of healthy cities in China, and to propose the focus and direction of vector prevention and control in the establishment or consolidation of healthy cities. Methods The secret evaluation indicators for vector prevention and control in 35 national healthy cities (counties or districts) were retrospectively reviewed. With IBM SPSS 20.0 software, the correlation between the total score and the individual score of vector prevention and control was determined by Pearson correlation analysis. The scores of different cities were compared using the independent-samples t test. Results There was a positive correlation between the total score and the individual score of vector prevention and control ( r =0.812, P <0.001). No significant differences in the scores of vector prevention and control were found between prefecture-level cities and county-level cities ( t =0.375, P =0.710) and between established healthy cities and reexamined healthy cities ( t =1.506, P =0.141). Among the second-level indicators, two indicators of fly control and rodent control were where points were easy to lose. Among the third-level indicators, rodent bait station, anti-rodent facilities in key industries, facilities for fly control, fly breeding area control, adult fly density control, and mosquito breeding area control failed to meet the standard. Conclusion Vector prevention and control, where the management of vector breeding areas and the construction of anti-vector facilities are weak links, is closely related to other urban management work. Comprehensive mobilization, extensive publicity, health education, establishment of regulations, professional guidance, and improvement of facilities are the guarantee to consolidate the effects of vector control.

Insecticides targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are not only used in the control of agricultural pests, but also have good killing effects on sanitary pests. With increasing attention to high toxicity to bees, the development of traditional insecticides such as imidacloprid and thiamethoxam has entered a bottleneck period. Changing the way of use may help these insecticides get out of the dilemma. This paper reviews the development history, current dilemma, application status in the sanitary field, and new products of insecticides acting at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and discuss the prospect of such insecticides in sanitary pest control.

Objective To research the serial toxic effects of 0.05% fipronil cockroach gel bait on adults and nymphs of Blattella germanica. Methods This experiment used pipette to offer insecticide in the first efficacy experiment; and the serial toxic effect experiment was conducted using the dead insect of last serial toxic effect experiment to feed the cockroach. Results The first to fourth secondary effects of tested insecticide on adults reached 100%, the fifth secondary effects from the remains amounted to 78.3%. Against nymphs, however, only the first two secondary effects reached 100%, the third and fourth mortality were only 48.3% and 15.0%. The results indicated that 0.05% fipronil cockroach gel bait can continuously controlB. germanica effectively and it was more effectively on adults than on nymphs. Conclusion Fipronil has a good serial toxic effect on B. germanica.

Objective Examine the effect of used feed by Periplaneta americana on feeding behavior of Blattella germanica to explore causes of B. germanica displacing P. americana. Methods Feeding amount, shape and Y-tube olfactometer experiments. Results Blattella germanica prefered P. americana used feed(feed B), 33.48 times of fresh mouse feed(feed A)(P<0.05)through 2-12 d by feeding amount experiment; During 14-26 d,feeding amount of two feeds were similar(P>0.05); while during 28-36 d, Blattella germanica preferred feed A 3.02 times more than feed B (P<0.05). In Y-tube lactometer experiment, all B. germanica selected the feed B. And the shape experiment indicated that the shape didn't affect the feed amount of B. germanica(P>0.05). Conclusion The quick adaption of B. germanica to P. americana used feed improve their chance of survival.

Rodents threaten human health and well-being seriously. Physical and chemical means can reduce the population of rodents within a short time, but long-term, sustainable measures are needed to suppress rodent populations. As a safe, long-acting, eco-friendly and economical mean of deratization, environment control measures can keep rodent population low for a long time by eliminating or reducing food and water resources, as well as available shelters through environmental management and rat-proof construction. At present, measures of environment control have made remarkable achievement in deratization of different places.

Objective To investigate the species, host, distribution and status of tick-borne pathogens in Jinan city. Methods The parasitic ticks were collected from the host skin by hand or tweezers and the free ticks were collected manually with white cloth from the grassland or shrubbery. Collected ticks were classified and tested for tick-borne pathogens. Results There were 614 and 108 ticks collected on 6 hosts and in 2 types of environment, respectively. Collected ticks were Haemaphysalis longicornis. There were 596 ticks collected on goats with proportion of 97.1%. About 53.3% goats carried with ticks and the average number of ticks per goat was about 6.7. The results were positive in RNA detection of new bunyavirus in 3 groups of tick and positive of rickettsia in one group. Positive ticks were collected from goats. Conclusion The dominant tick species was H. longicornis in Shandong province. The dominant host animal was goats raised outside. Some ticks may carry bunyavirus and rickettsia.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of 96-well microplate assay in determination of melanization responses of Musca domestica to different bacterial challenges. Methods The hemolymph from third-instar larvae of M. domestica was stimulated in vitro with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, or the mixture of E. coli and S. aureus. The phendoxidase activity of hemolymph was determined with a 96-well microplate reader, and the relationship between bacterial stimulation and housefly melanization was further analyzed. Results Compared with the initial A490 values of normal control sample, those from the stimulated samples (numbered 1-3) constantly increased along with the increase in bacterial quantity. The fold changes in initial A490 values with stimulation by different bacteria were as follows: 1.33-1.38 times with E. coli, 1.30-2.40 times with S. aureus, 2.60-3.00 times with M. luteus, and 1.40-3.80 times with the mixture of E. coli and S. aureus. Obviously, stimulation with bacteria enhanced the phenoloxidase activity of hemolymph of M. domestica in vitro; meanwhile, the melanization responses of hemolymph got stronger with increase in bacterial quantity. The stimulating effects of single bacteria were as follows: M. luteus＞S. aureus＞E. coli, while the mixture of S. aureus and E. coli showed a better effect than single bacteria. Conclusion The 96-well microplate assay is a reliable method to determine the melanization responses in hemolymph of M. domestica during bacterial challenge.

Prophenoloxidase-activating system is an important part in the immune system of Musca domestica and plays an essential role in the pathogen recognition and immune defense. Until now, however, the key genes in the prophenoloxidase-activating system and the system's action mechanism remain unclear. On this occasion, we performed transcriptomic analysis of M. domestica to obtain a number of expressed sequence tags of the key genes of prophenoloxidases, prophenoloxidase-activating enzymes, serine proteinase inhibitors (Serpin), and upstream pattern-recognition receptors in the prophenoloxidase-activating system. This article reviews the research advances in the key genes in the prophenoloxidase-activating system of M. domestica.

With the social progress and economic development, people’s awareness of health and environmental protection consciousness strengthens gradually, which causes more and more need of highly hygienic insecticide. Meanwhile, the shortcoming of chemical compounds becomes increasingly critical. Botanical insecticide, microbial insecticide and insect regulators have become dominant research directions. According to the latest achievements of the 3 kinds of insecticides in vector control field, we introduced systematically their active ingredients, target pests, mode of action, the public health insecticides registered in China and their research status. The developing direction of hygienic insecticides in China was suggested as well.

Objective To identify the eclosion time of Culex pipiens pallens and Aedes albopictus for best getting the experimental females. Methods Rearing Cx. pipiens pallens and Ae. albopictus with standard rearing technique and study on numbers of females and males at different time of eclosion. Results The peak of adult emergence occured at 2nd and 3rd day after eclosion and most adults emergenced within 4 days. Adults was predominantly male about 2 d prior to adult eclosion. Two days later, females were the main part of emergenced adults. After all adults emergenced, gender ratio was close to 1:1. Conclusion Taking adults emergencing at 3-4 day will obtain high ratio of females which as materials for pesticide registration could meet the needs of experiment.

Objective To investigate the resistance dynamics of Musca domestica in the 26 years in Jinan city for the development of its control strategies. Methods The micro-drop method was used for bioassay of M. domestica collected in different years in different parts of the city to determine its resistance status and trends. Insecticides dissolved in acetone were applied topically on the thoracic notum of female adults. Results M. domestica in Jinan city and surrounding area in 1982 were susceptible to conventional pyrethrin chemicals. However, 26 years later, the susceptibility of M. domestica to conventional pyrethrin chemicals decreased to varying degrees. Compared with the susceptible strain, the resistance of field housefly to deltamethrn and to bata-cypermethrinwas was 75.00-211.67 and 25.52-116.21 folds in 2008 respectively, indicating that the degree of housefly resistance was at a medium or high level. Conclusion The resistance of M. domestica to pyrethrin chemicals in Jinan and the surrounding areas has developed to varying degrees. Strategies for the control of resistance should be developed based on the local conditions.

Objective To determine the efficacy and feasibility of synthetic amorphous silica against Dermanyssus gallinae. Methods Forced contact tests were used in accordance with GB/T 13917.1-2009. Results The 3% synthetic amorphous silica was painted on three types of board at 6 g a.i/m². For cement boards, the 24 h mortality was 100% and the residual efficacy lasted about 45 days; for silicate glass cotton board, the 24 h mortality was 100% and the residual efficacy lasted about 90 days; and for alkyd resin varnish boards, the 48 h mortality was 100% and the residual efficacy lasted about 60 days. Conclusion Synthetic amorphous silica was effective in the control of D. gallinae.

Objective To develop standard laboratory rearing techniques for Aedes albopictus in order to provide consistent, quality, standardized testing insects for use in pesticide experiments. Methods Using standard rearing techniques, the mosquitoes were bred under controlled rearing conditions. The reliability of multiregional rearing was examined based on the weight of female adults 3 days after eclosion from three batches of mosquitoes. Results All three batches resulting from standard rearing techniques yielded qualified Ae. albopictus based on the average weight, with high repeatability and low relative deviation (8.28%) of weights. As shown from the average weights of mosquitoes bred using different dietary formulas, all three approaches were applicable to different regions and the relative deviation was low (7.69%). Conclusion The rearing technique was repeatable and effective in developing weight-uniform Ae. albopictus for pesticide experiments.

Objective To explore the test methods for ant bites and to determine the killing effect of imidacloprid baits against Monomorrium pharaonis. Methods Laboratory test, simulated field test and field test were carried out. Results The LT50 value of 0.03% imidacloprid baits for M. pharaonis was 21.10 h, with a 7 d mortality of 100%. In the simulated field test, all of 4 queen ants were killed at day 5, while 100% of ergates died at day 6. In the field test, the density of M. pharaonis reduced to 98.42% at the 14 day. Conclusion Using M. pharaonis as the subject, the laboratory and simulated field test were applicable for ant baits, and 0.03% imidacloprid baits had favorable killing effect against M. pharaonis, which could be used for residential termite control.

【Abstract】 The rule of rodent control in village is parts of key technical standards regarding public health safety supported by the 11th five?year plan. To determine standard contents based on the reference of relevant standards at home and abroad, and to emphasize the rodent control technology in rural such as the put of baits, the establishment of prevention facilities and the elimination of rodent breeding sites. This article aims to discuss the writing significance, writing principle, working process as well as the problem in writing process.

【Abstract】 Objective To study the evaluation methods of larvicides registration and field test. Methods Larvae were collected from breeding sites in the external environment or adult mosquitoes were trapped to oviposit in man-made areas. Results  The relative population index (RPI) of larvae from breeding sites was under 5 after treatment by 1% temephos granules for 4 weeks, which had a good control effect. RPI of larvae from wasted tyres was also less than 5 after treatment for 4 weeks, while it was under 10 after treatment for 3 weeks in cement pool. Conclusion The field control effect and registration of quick-acting insecticides could be evaluated by the above mentioned two methods.

Objective To study the evaluation methods of larvicides registration and field test.Methods Larvae were collected from breeding sites in the external environment or adult mosquitoes were trapped to oviposit in man-made areas.Results The relative population index(RPI)of larvae from breeding sites was under 5 after treatment by 1%temephos granules for 4 weeks,which had a good control effect.RPI of larvae from wasted tyres was also less than 5 after treatment for 4 weeks,while it was under 10 after treatment for 3 weeks in cement pool.Conclusion The field control effect and registration of quick-acting insecticides could be evaluated by the above mentioned two methods.

Objective:To investigate the different storing way of home-rubbish in city and the breeding situation of fly-larvae.Methods:To survey on the scenes.Result:2175 points were surveyed,got larvae 4104,4 species. Musca domestica was 88%, Lucilia sericata was 10.7%.The frequency of breeding fly-larvae was rubbish-box of unit>solid rubbish-box>rubbish-tub and rubbish-stack.The frequency of breeding fly-larvae in July-Aug.was higher than in May-Jun,and it was in May-Jun was higher than in Mar-April and Sept-Oct.The highest frequence was 52.13% in remained rubbish.Secondary was the top and the bottom of the rubbish-boxes and the soil rounding the rubbish-box.The lowest was the rubbish-box which were in the centre of collecting-rubbish.Conclusion:The rubbish-boxes of unit and the remained rubbish out of the rubbish-box are the important places where fly-larvae breed.Put rubbish into bags and transport togather are the effective measure to control the maggot breed.

Objective:To study the measur of inetegrated commensal rodents managenment in the residential quarters of the north villages with increasing culture level of inhabitant.Methods:Compareing the effect of integrated management and only use rodenticid to poison rats.Results:The rats density of trial village is lower than the national standard(3%) since Oct 1997 to Dec 1999.The rodenticide area is lower than the national standard for 1-2 monthes after put rodenticid,then is higher than the national standard.Plain area density exceed 3% since the second month and keep about 16% after 6 monthes.Conclusion:In the north villages of china educated people to change their environment and give up their habits that isn't good for health,guard against and kill with rodenticid can control the harm of rats for longer time.

1 ppm and 2ppm NRDC ₁₆₁ can protect grain bait 100 percent from harmful insects for 12 monthes indoor. The breeding index of white rat for 1 ppm and 2 ppm NRDC ₁₆₁ maize and wheat bait were 0.93 and 0.8 in laboratory and it was not toxicity for rats. The breeding index which 1ppm NRDC ₁₆₁ grain bait to be eaten by rats was more than 0.96 in line of food and residence area. 5/10 000 Diphacine-Na ordinary poison bait and anti-insect poison bait were used to kill rats in spot. The deratization rates were 91.29 percent and 88.69 percent. There isn't differece between the former and the latter by statistic test.

This arricle is about the effect observation of the glue rat board.The result indicates clearly that the method has good effect on catching rat in the special situation.The rate of catching rat in the canteen and the residential area were 90.26% and 88.12%.The rat number caught was decreasing day by day. Its effect of catching rat could be influenced by the surrounding.